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boot (1)
  • >> boot (1) ( Solaris man: Команды и прикладные программы пользовательского уровня )
  • boot (1) ( Русские man: Команды и прикладные программы пользовательского уровня )
  • boot (7) ( Русские man: Макропакеты и соглашения )
  • boot (7) ( Linux man: Макропакеты и соглашения )
  • boot (8) ( FreeBSD man: Команды системного администрирования )
  • boot (9) ( FreeBSD man: Ядро )
  • Ключ boot обнаружен в базе ключевых слов.
  •  

    NAME

    boot - start the system kernel or a standalone program
     
    

    SYNOPSIS

     

    SPARC

    boot [OBP names] [file] [-aLV] [-F object] [-D default-file]
        [-Z dataset] [boot-flags] [--] [client-program-args]
    

     

    x86

    kernel$ /platform/i86pc/kernel/$ISADIR/unix [boot-args]
        [-B prop=val [,val...]]
    

     

    DESCRIPTION

    Bootstrapping is the process of loading and executing a standalone program. For the purpose of this discussion, bootstrapping means the process of loading and executing the bootable operating system. Typically, the standalone program is the operating system kernel (see kernel(1M)), but any standalone program can be booted instead. On a SPARC-based system, the diagnostic monitor for a machine is a good example of a standalone program other than the operating system that can be booted.

    If the standalone is identified as a dynamically-linked executable, boot will load the interpreter (linker/loader) as indicated by the executable format and then transfer control to the interpreter. If the standalone is statically-linked, it will jump directly to the standalone.

    Once the kernel is loaded, it starts the UNIX system, mounts the necessary file systems (see vfstab(4)), and runs /sbin/init to bring the system to the "initdefault" state specified in /etc/inittab. See inittab(4).  

    SPARC Bootstrap Procedure

    On SPARC based systems, the bootstrap procedure on most machines consists of the following basic phases.

    After the machine is turned on, the system firmware (in PROM) executes power-on self-test (POST). The form and scope of these tests depends on the version of the firmware in your system.

    After the tests have been completed successfully, the firmware attempts to autoboot if the appropriate flag has been set in the non-volatile storage area used by the firmware. The name of the file to load, and the device to load it from can also be manipulated.

    These flags and names can be set using the eeprom(1M) command from the shell, or by using PROM commands from the ok prompt after the system has been halted.

    The second level program is either a fileystem-specific boot block (when booting from a disk), or inetboot or wanboot (when booting across the network).

    Network Booting

    Network booting occurs in two steps: the client first obtains an IP address and any other parameters necessary to permit it to load the second-stage booter. The second-stage booter in turn loads the boot archive from the boot device.

    An IP address can be obtained in one of three ways: RARP, DHCP, or manual configuration, depending on the functions available in and configuration of the PROM. Machines of the sun4u and sun4v kernel architectures have DHCP-capable PROMs.

    The boot command syntax for specifying the two methods of network booting are:

    boot net:rarp
    boot net:dhcp
    

    The command:

    boot net
    

    without a rarp or dhcp specifier, invokes the default method for network booting over the network interface for which net is an alias.

    The sequence of events for network booting using RARP/bootparams is described in the following paragraphs. The sequence for DHCP follows the RARP/bootparams description.

    When booting over the network using RARP/bootparams, the PROM begins by broadcasting a reverse ARP request until it receives a reply. When a reply is received, the PROM then broadcasts a TFTP request to fetch the first block of inetboot. Subsequent requests will be sent to the server that initially answered the first block request. After loading, inetboot will also use reverse ARP to fetch its IP address, then broadcast bootparams RPC calls (see bootparams(4)) to locate configuration information and its root file system. inetboot then loads the boot archive by means of NFS and transfers control to that archive.

    When booting over the network using DHCP, the PROM broadcasts the hardware address and kernel architecture and requests an IP address, boot parameters, and network configuration information. After a DHCP server responds and is selected (from among potentially multiple servers), that server sends to the client an IP address and all other information needed to boot the client. After receipt of this information, the client PROM examines the name of the file to be loaded, and will behave in one of two ways, depending on whether the file's name appears to be an HTTP URL. If it does not, the PROM downloads inetboot, loads that file into memory, and executes it. inetboot loads the boot archive, which takes over the machine and releases inetboot. Startup scripts then initiate the DHCP agent (see dhcpagent(1M)), which implements further DHCP activities.

    If the file to be loaded is an HTTP URL, the PROM will use HTTP to load the referenced file. If the client has been configured with an HMAC SHA-1 key, it will check the integrity of the loaded file before proceeding to execute it. The file is expected to be the wanboot binary. The WAN boot process can be configured to use either DHCP or NVRAM properties to discover the install server and router and the proxies needed to connect to it. When wanboot begins executing, it determines whether sufficient information is available to it to allow it to proceed. If any necessary information is missing, it will either exit with an appropriate error or bring up a command interpreter and prompt for further configuration information. Once wanboot has obtained the necessary information, it loads the boot loader into memory by means of HTTP. If an encryption key has been installed on the client, wanboot will verify the boot loader's signature and its accompanying hash. Presence of an encryption key but no hashing key is an error.

    The wanboot boot loader can communicate with the client using either HTTP or secure HTTP. If the former, and if the client has been configured with an HMAC SHA-1 key, the boot loader will perform an integrity check of the root file system. Once the root file system has been loaded into memory (and possibly had an integrity check performed), the boot archive is transferred from the server. If provided with a boot_logger URL by means of the wanboot.conf(4) file, wanboot will periodically log its progress.

    Not all PROMs are capable of consuming URLs. You can determine whether a client is so capable using the list-security-keys OBP command (see monitor(1M)).

    WAN booting is not currently available on the x86 platform.

    The wanboot Command Line

    When the client program is wanboot, it accepts client-program-args of the form:

    boot ... -o opt1[,opt2[,...]]
    

    where each option may be an action:

    dhcp

    Require wanboot to obtain configuration parameters by means of DHCP.

    prompt

    Cause wanboot to enter its command interpreter.

    <cmd>

    One of the interpreter commands listed below.

    ...or an assignment, using the interpreter's parameter names listed below.

    The wanboot Command Interpreter

    The wanboot command interpreter is invoked by supplying a client-program-args of "-o prompt" when booting. Input consists of single commands or assignments, or a comma-separated list of commands or assignments. The configuration parameters are:

    host-ip

    IP address of the client (in dotted-decimal notation)

    router-ip

    IP address of the default router (in dotted-decimal notation)

    subnet-mask

    subnet mask (in dotted-decimal notation)

    client-id

    DHCP client identifier (a quoted ASCII string or hex ASCII)

    hostname

    hostname to request in DHCP transactions (ASCII)

    http-proxy

    HTTP proxy server specification (IPADDR[:PORT])

    The key names are:

    3des

    the triple DES encryption key (48 hex ASCII characters)

    aes

    the AES encryption key (32 hex ASCII characters)

    sha1

    the HMAC SHA-1 signature key (40 hex ASCII characters)

    Finally, the URL or the WAN boot CGI is referred to by means of:

    bootserver

    URL of WAN boot's CGI (the equivalent of OBP's file parameter)

    The interpreter accepts the following commands:

    help

    Print a brief description of the available commands

    var=val

    Assign val to var, where var is one of the configuration parameter names, the key names, or bootserver.

    var=

    Unset parameter var.

    list

    List all parameters and their values (key values retrieved by means of OBP are never shown).

    prompt

    Prompt for values for unset parameters. The name of each parameter and its current value (if any) is printed, and the user can accept this value (press Return) or enter a new value.

    go

    Once the user is satisfied that all values have been entered, leave the interpreter and continue booting.

    exit

    Quit the boot interpreter and return to OBP's ok prompt.

    Any of these assignments or commands can be passed on the command line as part of the -o options, subject to the OBP limit of 128 bytes for boot arguments. For example, -o list,go would simply list current (default) values of the parameters and then continue booting.  

    iSCSI Boot

    iSCSI boot is currently supported only on x86. The host being booted must be equipped with NIC(s) capable of iBFT (iSCSI Boot Firmware Table) or have the mainboard's BIOS be iBFT-capable. iBFT, defined in the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) 3.0b specification, specifies a block of information that contains various parameters that are useful to the iSCSI Boot process.

    Firmware implementing iBFT presents an iSCSI disk in the BIOS during startup as a bootable device by establishing the connection to the iSCSI target. The rest of the process of iSCSI booting is the same as booting from a local disk.

    To configure the iBFT properly, users need to refer to the documentation from their hardware vendors.  

    Booting from Disk

    When booting from disk, the OpenBoot PROM firmware reads the boot blocks from blocks 1 to 15 of the partition specified as the boot device. This standalone booter usually contains a file system-specific reader capable of reading the boot archive.

    If the pathname to the standalone is relative (does not begin with a slash), the second level boot will look for the standalone in a platform-dependent search path. This path is guaranteed to contain /platform/platform-name. Many SPARC platforms next search the platform-specific path entry /platform/hardware-class-name. See filesystem(5). If the pathname is absolute, boot will use the specified path. The boot program then loads the standalone at the appropriate address, and then transfers control.

    Once the boot archive has been transferred from the boot device, Solaris can initialize and take over control of the machine. This process is further described in the "Boot Archive Phase," below, and is identical on all platforms.

    If the filename is not given on the command line or otherwise specified, for example, by the boot-file NVRAM variable, boot chooses an appropriate default file to load based on what software is installed on the system and the capabilities of the hardware and firmware.

    The path to the kernel must not contain any whitespace.  

    Booting from ZFS

    Booting from ZFS differs from booting from UFS in that, with ZFS, a device specifier identifies a storage pool, not a single root file system. A storage pool can contain multiple bootable datasets (that is, root file systems). Therefore, when booting from ZFS, it is not sufficient to specify a boot device. One must also identify a root file system within the pool that was identified by the boot device. By default, the dataset selected for booting is the one identified by the pool's bootfs property. This default selection can be overridden by specifying an alternate bootable dataset with the -Z option.  

    Boot Archive Phase

    The boot archive contains a file system image that is mounted using an in-memory disk. The image is self-describing, specifically containing a file system reader in the boot block. This file system reader mounts and opens the RAM disk image, then reads and executes the kernel contained within it. By default, this kernel is in:

    /platform/`uname -i`/kernel/unix
    

    If booting from ZFS, the pathnames of both the archive and the kernel file are resolved in the root file system (that is, dataset) selected for booting as described in the previous section.

    The initialization of the kernel continues by loading necessary drivers and modules from the in-memory filesystem until I/O can be turned on and the root filesystem mounted. Once the root filesystem is mounted, the in-memory filesystem is no longer needed and is discarded.  

    OpenBoot PROM boot Command Behavior

    The OpenBoot boot command takes arguments of the following form:

    ok boot [device-specifier] [arguments]
    

    The default boot command has no arguments:

    ok boot
    

    If no device-specifier is given on the boot command line, OpenBoot typically uses the boot-device or diag-device NVRAM variable. If no optional arguments are given on the command line, OpenBoot typically uses the boot-file or diag-file NVRAM variable as default boot arguments. (If the system is in diagnostics mode, diag-device and diag-file are used instead of boot-device and boot-file).

    arguments may include more than one string. All argument strings are passed to the secondary booter; they are not interpreted by OpenBoot.

    If any arguments are specified on the boot command line, then neither the boot-file nor the diag-file NVRAM variable is used. The contents of the NVRAM variables are not merged with command line arguments. For example, the command:

    ok boot -s
    

    ignores the settings in both boot-file and diag-file; it interprets the string "-s" as arguments. boot will not use the contents of boot-file or diag-file.

    With older PROMs, the command:

    ok boot net
    

    took no arguments, using instead the settings in boot-file or diag-file (if set) as the default file name and arguments to pass to boot. In most cases, it is best to allow the boot command to choose an appropriate default based upon the system type, system hardware and firmware, and upon what is installed on the root file system. Changing boot-file or diag-file can generate unexpected results in certain circumstances.

    This behavior is found on most OpenBoot 2.x and 3.x based systems. Note that differences may occur on some platforms.

    The command:

    ok boot cdrom

    ...also normally takes no arguments. Accordingly, if boot-file is set to the 64-bit kernel filename and you attempt to boot the installation CD or DVD with boot cdrom, boot will fail if the installation media contains only a 32-bit kernel.

    Because the contents of boot-file or diag-file can be ignored depending on the form of the boot command used, reliance upon boot-file should be discouraged for most production systems.

    When executing a WAN boot from a local (CD or DVD) copy of wanboot, one must use:

    ok boot cdrom -F wanboot - install

    Modern PROMs have enhanced the network boot support package to support the following syntax for arguments to be processed by the package:

    [protocol,] [key=value,]*

    All arguments are optional and can appear in any order. Commas are required unless the argument is at the end of the list. If specified, an argument takes precedence over any default values, or, if booting using DHCP, over configuration information provided by a DHCP server for those parameters.

    protocol, above, specifies the address discovery protocol to be used.

    Configuration parameters, listed below, are specified as key=value attribute pairs.

    tftp-server

    IP address of the TFTP server

    file

    file to download using TFTP or URL for WAN boot

    host-ip

    IP address of the client (in dotted-decimal notation)

    router-ip

    IP address of the default router

    subnet-mask

    subnet mask (in dotted-decimal notation)

    client-id

    DHCP client identifier

    hostname

    hostname to use in DHCP transactions

    http-proxy

    HTTP proxy server specification (IPADDR[:PORT])

    tftp-retries

    maximum number of TFTP retries

    dhcp-retries

    maximum number of DHCP retries

    The list of arguments to be processed by the network boot support package is specified in one of two ways:

    o As arguments passed to the package's open method, or
    o arguments listed in the NVRAM variable network-boot-arguments.

    Arguments specified in network-boot-arguments will be processed only if there are no arguments passed to the package's open method.

    Argument Values

    protocol specifies the address discovery protocol to be used. If present, the possible values are rarp or dhcp.

    If other configuration parameters are specified in the new syntax and style specified by this document, absence of the protocol parameter implies manual configuration.

    If no other configuration parameters are specified, or if those arguments are specified in the positional parameter syntax currently supported, the absence of the protocol parameter causes the network boot support package to use the platform-specific default address discovery protocol.

    Manual configuration requires that the client be provided its IP address, the name of the boot file, and the address of the server providing the boot file image. Depending on the network configuration, it might be required that subnet-mask and router-ip also be specified.

    If the protocol argument is not specified, the network boot support package uses the platform-specific default address discovery protocol.

    tftp-server is the IP address (in standard IPv4 dotted-decimal notation) of the TFTP server that provides the file to download if using TFTP.

    When using DHCP, the value, if specified, overrides the value of the TFTP server specified in the DHCP response.

    The TFTP RRQ is unicast to the server if one is specified as an argument or in the DHCP response. Otherwise, the TFTP RRQ is broadcast.

    file specifies the file to be loaded by TFTP from the TFTP server, or the URL if using HTTP. The use of HTTP is triggered if the file name is a URL, that is, the file name starts with http: (case-insensitive).

    When using RARP and TFTP, the default file name is the ASCII hexadecimal representation of the IP address of the client, as documented in a preceding section of this document.

    When using DHCP, this argument, if specified, overrides the name of the boot file specified in the DHCP response.

    When using DHCP and TFTP, the default file name is constructed from the root node's name property, with commas (,) replaced by periods (.).

    When specified on the command line, the filename must not contain slashes (/).

    The format of URLs is described in RFC 2396. The HTTP server must be specified as an IP address (in standard IPv4 dotted-decimal notation). The optional port number is specified in decimal. If a port is not specified, port 80 (decimal) is implied.

    The URL presented must be "safe-encoded", that is, the package does not apply escape encodings to the URL presented. URLs containing commas must be presented as a quoted string. Quoting URLs is optional otherwise.

    host-ip specifies the IP address (in standard IPv4 dotted-decimal notation) of the client, the system being booted. If using RARP as the address discovery protocol, specifying this argument makes use of RARP unnecessary.

    If DHCP is used, specifying the host-ip argument causes the client to follow the steps required of a client with an "Externally Configured Network Address", as specified in RFC 2131.

    router-ip is the IP address (in standard IPv4 dotted-decimal notation) of a router on a directly connected network. The router will be used as the first hop for communications spanning networks. If this argument is supplied, the router specified here takes precedence over the preferred router specified in the DHCP response.

    subnet-mask (specified in standard IPv4 dotted-decimal notation) is the subnet mask on the client's network. If the subnet mask is not provided (either by means of this argument or in the DHCP response), the default mask appropriate to the network class (Class A, B, or C) of the address assigned to the booting client will be assumed.

    client-id specifies the unique identifier for the client. The DHCP client identifier is derived from this value. Client identifiers can be specified as:

    o The ASCII hexadecimal representation of the identifier, or
    o a quoted string

    Thus, client-id="openboot" and client-id=6f70656e626f6f74 both represent a DHCP client identifier of 6F70656E626F6F74.

    Identifiers specified on the command line must must not include slash (/) or spaces.

    The maximum length of the DHCP client identifier is 32 bytes, or 64 characters representing 32 bytes if using the ASCII hexadecimal form. If the latter form is used, the number of characters in the identifier must be an even number. Valid characters are 0-9, a-f, and A-F.

    For correct identification of clients, the client identifier must be unique among the client identifiers used on the subnet to which the client is attached. System administrators are responsible for choosing identifiers that meet this requirement.

    Specifying a client identifier on a command line takes precedence over any other DHCP mechanism of specifying identifiers.

    hostname (specified as a string) specifies the hostname to be used in DHCP transactions. The name might or might not be qualified with the local domain name. The maximum length of the hostname is 255 characters.

    Note -

    The hostname parameter can be used in service environments that require that the client provide the desired hostname to the DHCP server. Clients provide the desired hostname to the DHCP server, which can then register the hostname and IP address assigned to the client with DNS.

    http-proxy is specified in the following standard notation for a host:

    host [":"" port]
    

    ...where host is specified as an IP ddress (in standard IPv4 dotted-decimal notation) and the optional port is specified in decimal. If a port is not specified, port 8080 (decimal) is implied.

    tftp-retries is the maximum number of retries (specified in decimal) attempted before the TFTP process is determined to have failed. Defaults to using infinite retries.

    dhcp-retries is the maximum number of retries (specified in decimal) attempted before the DHCP process is determined to have failed. Defaults to of using infinite retries.  

    x86 Bootstrap Procedure

    On x86 based systems, the bootstrapping process consists of two conceptually distinct phases, kernel loading and kernel initialization. Kernel loading is implemented in GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader) using the BIOS ROM on the system board, and BIOS extensions in ROMs on peripheral boards. The BIOS loads GRUB, starting with the first physical sector from a hard disk, DVD, or CD. If supported by the ROM on the network adapter, the BIOS can also download the pxegrub binary from a network boot server. Once GRUB is located, it executes a command in a menu to load the unix kernel and a pre-constructed boot archive containing kernel modules and data.

    If the device identified by GRUB as the boot device contains a ZFS storage pool, the menu.lst file used to create the GRUB menu will be found in the dataset at the root of the pool's dataset hierarchy. This is the dataset with the same name as the pool itself. There is always exactly one such dataset in a pool, and so this dataset is well-suited for pool-wide data such as the menu.lst file. After the system is booted, this dataset is mounted at /poolname in the root file system.

    There can be multiple bootable datasets (that is, root file systems) within a pool. By default, the file system in which file name entries in a menu.lst file are resolved is the one identified by the pool's bootfs property (see zpool(1M)). However, a menu.lst entry can contain a bootfs command, which specifies an alternate dataset in the pool. In this way, the menu.lst file can contain entries for multiple root file systems within the pool.

    Kernel initialization starts when GRUB finishes loading the boot archive and hands control over to the unix binary. At this point, GRUB becomes inactive and no more I/O occurs with the boot device. The Unix operating system initializes, links in the necessary modules from the boot archive and mounts the root file system on the real root device. At this point, the kernel regains storage I/O, mounts additional file systems (see vfstab(4)), and starts various operating system services (see smf(5)).  

    Failsafe Mode

    A requirement of booting from a root filesystem image built into a boot archive then remounting root onto the actual root device is that the contents of the boot archive and the root filesystem must be consistent. Otherwise, the proper operation and integrity of the machine cannot be guaranteed. Once the root filesystem is mounted, and before relinquishing the in-memory filesystem, Solaris performs a consistency verification against the two file systems. If an inconsistency is detected, Solaris suspends the normal boot sequence and falls back to failsafe mode, so that the operator can correct the problem and rebuild the boot archive.

    The cause of an inconsistency is generally adding a driver or other kernel module to a machine or updating a configuration file required at boot time, without a corresponding update to the boot archive. To detect such a modification, the boot archive consistency is rechecked automatically on each reboot, so it is recommended to always shut down a machine cleanly.

    If an inconsistency is detected on boot, it is generally recommended to rebuild the boot archive and reboot. See bootadm(1M). An administrator can however, at her or his risk, continue the system bring-up by clearing the boot service. See svcadm(1M).  

    Failsafe Boot Archive

    The failsafe archive can be used to boot the machine at any time for maintenance or troubleshooting. The failsafe boot archive is installed on the machine, sourced from the miniroot archive. Booting the failsafe archive causes the machine to boot using the in-memory filesystem as the root device.  

    SPARC

    The SPARC failsafe archive is:

    /platform/`uname -i`/failsafe
    

    ...and can be booted as follows:

    ok boot [device-specifier] -F failsafe
    

    If a user wishes to boot a failsafe archive from a particular ZFS bootable dataset, this can be done as follows:

    ok boot [device-specifier] -Z dataset -F failsafe
    

     

    x86

    The x86 failsafe archive is:

    /boot/x86.miniroot-safe
    

    ...and can be booted by selecting the Solaris failsafe item from the GRUB menu.  

    OPTIONS

     

    SPARC

    The following SPARC options are supported:

    -a

    The boot program interprets this flag to mean ask me, and so it prompts for the name of the standalone. The '-a' flag is then passed to the standalone program.

    -D default-file

    Explicitly specify the default-file. On some systems, boot chooses a dynamic default file, used when none is otherwise specified. This option allows the default-file to be explicitly set and can be useful when booting kmdb(1) since, by default, kmdb loads the default-file as exported by the boot program.

    -F object

    Boot using the named object. The object must be either an ELF executable or bootable object containing a boot block. The primary use is to boot the failsafe or wanboot boot archive.

    -L

    List the bootable datasets within a ZFS pool. You can select one of the bootable datasets in the list, after which detailed instructions for booting that dataset are displayed. Boot the selected dataset by following the instructions. This option is supported only when the boot device contains a ZFS storage pool.

    -V

    Display verbose debugging information.

    boot-flags

    The boot program passes all boot-flags to file. They are not interpreted by boot. See the kernel(1M) and kmdb(1) manual pages for information about the options available with the default standalone program.

    client-program-args

    The boot program passes all client-program-args to file. They are not interpreted by boot.

    file

    Name of a standalone program to boot. If a filename is not explicitly specified, either on the boot command line or in the boot-file NVRAM variable, boot chooses an appropriate default filename.

    OBP names

    Specify the open boot prom designations. For example, on Desktop SPARC based systems, the designation /sbus/esp@0,800000/sd@3,0:a indicates a SCSI disk (sd) at target 3, lun0 on the SCSI bus, with the esp host adapter plugged into slot 0.

    -Z dataset

    Boot from the root file system in the specified ZFS dataset.

     

    x86

    The following x86 options are supported:

    -B prop=val...

    One or more property-value pairs to be passed to the kernel. Multiple property-value pairs must be separated by a comma. Use of this option is the equivalent of the command: eeprom prop=val. See eeprom(1M) for available properties and valid values.

    If the root file system corresponding to this menu entry is a ZFS dataset, the menu entry needs the following option added:

    -B $ZFS-BOOTFS
    

    boot-args

    The boot program passes all boot-args to file. They are not interpreted by boot. See kernel(1M) and kmdb(1) for information about the options available with the kernel.

    /platform/i86pc/kernel/$ISADIR/unix

    Name of the kernel to boot. When using the kernel$ token, $ISADIR expands to amd64 on 64-bit machines, and a null string on other machines. As a result of this dereferencing, this path expands to the proper kernel for the machine.

     

    X86 BOOT SEQUENCE DETAILS

    After a PC-compatible machine is turned on, the system firmware in the BIOS ROM executes a power-on self test (POST), runs BIOS extensions in peripheral board ROMs, and invokes software interrupt INT 19h, Bootstrap. The INT 19h handler typically performs the standard PC-compatible boot, which consists of trying to read the first physical sector from the first diskette drive, or, if that fails, from the first hard disk. The processor then jumps to the first byte of the sector image in memory.  

    X86 PRIMARY BOOT

    The first sector on a floppy disk contains the master boot block (GRUB stage1). The stage 1 is responsible for loading GRUB stage2. Now GRUB is fully functional. It reads and executes the menu file /boot/grub/menu.lst. A similar sequence occurs for DVD or CD boot, but the master boot block location and contents are dictated by the El Torito specification. The El Torito boot also leads to strap.com, which in turn loads boot.bin.

    The first sector on a hard disk contains the master boot block, which contains the master boot program and the FDISK table, named for the PC program that maintains it. The master boot finds the active partition in the FDISK table, loads its first sector (GRUB stage1), and jumps to its first byte in memory. This completes the standard PC-compatible hard disk boot sequence. If GRUB stage1 is installed on the master boot block (see the -m option of installgrub(1M)), then stage2 is loaded directly from the Solaris FDISK partition regardless of the active partition.

    An x86 FDISK partition for the Solaris software begins with a one-cylinder boot slice, which contains GRUB stage1 in the first sector, the standard Solaris disk label and volume table of contents (VTOC) in the second and third sectors, and GRUB stage2 in the fiftieth and subsequent sectors. The area from sector 4 to 49 might contain boot blocks for older versions of Solaris. This makes it possible for multiple Solaris releases on the same FDISK to coexist. When the FDISK partition for the Solaris software is the active partition, the master boot program (mboot) reads the partition boot program in the first sector into memory and jumps to it. It in turn reads GRUB stage2 program into memory and jumps to it. Once the GRUB menu is displayed, the user can choose to boot an operating system on a different partition, a different disk, or possibly from the network.

    For network booting, the supported method is Intel's Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) standard. When booting from the network using PXE, the system or network adapter BIOS uses DHCP to locate a network bootstrap program (pxegrub) on a boot server and reads it using Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). The BIOS executes the pxegrub by jumping to its first byte in memory. The pxegrub program downloads a menu file and presents the entries to user.  

    X86 KERNEL STARTUP

    The kernel startup process is independent of the kernel loading process. During kernel startup, console I/O goes to the device specified by the console property.

    When booting from UFS, the root device is specified by the bootpath property, and the root file system type is specified by the fstype property. These properties should be setup by the Solaris Install/Upgrade process in /boot/solaris/bootenv.rc and can be overridden with the -B option, described above (see the eeprom(1M) man page).

    When booting from ZFS, the root device is specified by a boot parameter specified by the -B $ZFS-BOOTFS parameter on either the kernel or module line in the GRUB menu entry. This value (as with all parameters specified by the -B option) is passed by GRUB to the kernel.

    If the console properties are not present, console I/O defaults to screen and keyboard. The root device defaults to ramdisk and the file system defaults to ufs.  

    EXAMPLES

     

    SPARC

    Example 1 To Boot the Default Kernel In Single-User Interactive Mode

    To boot the default kernel in single-user interactive mode, respond to the ok prompt with one of the following:

    boot -as
    
    boot disk3 -as
    

    Example 2 Network Booting with WAN Boot-Capable PROMs

    To illustrate some of the subtle repercussions of various boot command line invocations, assume that the network-boot-arguments are set and that net is devaliased as shown in the commands below.

    In the following command, device arguments in the device alias are processed by the device driver. The network boot support package processes arguments in network-boot-arguments.

    boot net
    

    The command below results in no device arguments. The network boot support package processes arguments in network-boot-arguments.

    boot net:
    

    The command below results in no device arguments. rarp is the only network boot support package argument. network-boot-arguments is ignored.

    boot net:rarp
    

    In the command below, the specified device arguments are honored. The network boot support package processes arguments in network-boot-arguments.

    boot net:speed=100,duplex=full
    

    Example 3 Using wanboot with Older PROMs

    The command below results in the wanboot binary being loaded from DVD or CD, at which time wanboot will perform DHCP and then drop into its command interpreter to allow the user to enter keys and any other necessary configuration.

    boot cdrom -F wanboot -o dhcp,prompt
    

     

    x86 (32-bit)

    Example 4 To Boot the Default Kernel In 32-bit Single-User Interactive Mode

    To boot the default kernel in single-user interactive mode, edit the GRUB kernel command line to read:

    kernel /platform/i86pc/kernel/unix -as
    

     

    x86 (64-bit Only)

    Example 5 To Boot the Default Kernel In 64-bit Single-User Interactive Mode

    To boot the default kernel in single-user interactive mode, edit the GRUB kernel command line to read:

    kernel /platform/i86pc/kernel/amd64/unix -as
    

    Example 6 Switching Between 32-bit and 64-bit Kernels on 64-bit x86 Platform

    To be able to boot both 32-bit and 64-bit kernels, add entries for both kernels to /boot/grub/menu.lst, and use the set-menu subcommand of bootadm(1M) to switch. See bootadm(1M) for an example of the bootadm set-menu.

     

    FILES

    /platform/platform-name/ufsboot

    Second-level program to boot from a disk, DVD, or CD

    /etc/inittab

    Table in which the initdefault state is specified

    /sbin/init

    Program that brings the system to the initdefault state

     

    64-bit SPARC Only

    /platform/platform-name/kernel/sparcv9/unix

    Default program to boot system.

     

    x86 Only

    /boot

    Directory containing boot-related files.

    /boot/grub/menu.lst

    Menu of bootable operating systems displayed by GRUB.

    /platform/i86pc/kernel/unix

    32-bit kernel.

     

    64-bit x86 Only

    /platform/i86pc/kernel/amd64/unix

    64-bit kernel.

     

    SEE ALSO

    kmdb(1), uname(1), bootadm(1M), eeprom(1M), init(1M), installboot(1M), kernel(1M), monitor(1M), shutdown(1M), svcadm(1M), zpool(1M), uadmin(2), bootparams(4), inittab(4), vfstab(4), wanboot.conf(4), filesystem(5)

    RFC 903, A Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc903.txt

    RFC 2131, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2131.txt

    RFC 2132, DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2132.txt

    RFC 2396, Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt

    Sun Hardware Platform Guide

    OpenBoot Command Reference Manual  

    WARNINGS

    The boot utility is unable to determine which files can be used as bootable programs. If the booting of a file that is not bootable is requested, the boot utility loads it and branches to it. What happens after that is unpredictable.  

    NOTES

    platform-name can be found using the -i option of uname(1). hardware-class-name can be found using the -m option of uname(1).

    The current release of the Solaris operating system does not support machines running an UltraSPARC-I CPU.


     

    Index

    NAME
    SYNOPSIS
    SPARC
    x86
    DESCRIPTION
    SPARC Bootstrap Procedure
    iSCSI Boot
    Booting from Disk
    Booting from ZFS
    Boot Archive Phase
    OpenBoot PROM boot Command Behavior
    x86 Bootstrap Procedure
    Failsafe Mode
    Failsafe Boot Archive
    SPARC
    x86
    OPTIONS
    SPARC
    x86
    X86 BOOT SEQUENCE DETAILS
    X86 PRIMARY BOOT
    X86 KERNEL STARTUP
    EXAMPLES
    SPARC
    x86 (32-bit)
    x86 (64-bit Only)
    FILES
    64-bit SPARC Only
    x86 Only
    64-bit x86 Only
    SEE ALSO
    WARNINGS
    NOTES


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